Alexandria Tong
03/23/2014
AP BIO
Mckinney
Major Phyla and Their Traits
Porifera:
- single celled organisms that live in colonies
- the environment tends to influence the organism's appearance
- the algae living on them in symbiosis determine their color
- they are considered animals because of their colonial behavior
- communicate using chemical signals
- they are filter feeders, move their cilia to filter food into their spicules
- asexual and sexual reproduction
- invertebrate
- asymmetrical/radial symmetry
- no appendages, true tissues,or nerve system
- respire through diffusion
- Diverse skeletal compositions depending on species, for example: calcareous laminae, organic filaments and siliceous and calcium carbonate spicules
- excrete waste through diffusion
- secrete toxins to defend themselves
- mobile at juvenile stage
Fun Fact: there are 6,000 different species of sponges
Annelida:
- ex. earthworm; segmented worms
- bilateral symmetry
- true coelom
- have differentiated cells that form the organs; including a cerebral ganglion that acts like a brain
- they are hermaphrodite
- have a complete digestive system: includes pharynx, esophagus with
- calciferous glands, crop, gizzard, and
- intestine
- coordinated muscle movement allow for locomotion i.e. appendages encircle the dorsal surface of the body
- circulatory system carries oxygen to respective organs of the body
- hydraulic skeleton
Fun Fact: leeches are used for medical purposes involving limb reattachment
Chordata
- i. e. humans, dogs, cats
- all of these must be present at least at one point of development to be considered a chordate
-pharyngeal gill slits,dorsal nerve cord, notochord,post-anal tail
- bilateral symmetry
- 3 germ layers
- blood is used to transport ATP, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
- 2-4 ventral heart
- bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton
- extensive cephalization
- vertebrae protects the dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Fun Fact: this highly diverse phylum includes humans: the supreme species of the planet!
Arthropoda
- i.e.insects, crustacean
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- sexual reproduction, mating ritual present
- they have brains with means higher intelligence ganglia runs along length of
- cord have strand-like nerves branching outward
- protostome development
- extensive cephalization: swimming, running, flying
- jointed legs/wings
- complete digestive system
Fun Fact: there are over 1 million species of Arthropods, all diverse
Platyhelminthes
- i.e. flat worms
- some parasitic
- 3 layers of cells
- proglottid segmented
- no mouth or anus
- head end has a cephalic ganglion
- eyes spots sense light and dark
- bilateral symmetry
- have true organs but no coelom
- respire through diffusion
- hydraulic skeleton filled with gastrovascular fluid
- nervous system organized similar to ladder with two lateral cords connected by cords; some cephalization with sensory, association, and motor neurons; eyespots detect light and dark
Fun Fact: they eyespots make them look crossed-eyed
Echinodermata
- i.e. sea stars, sand dollars
- water vascular system
- radial symmetry, during larva stage bilateral
- 3 cell layers
- soluble wastes released by diffusion across surface epithelium
- open circulatory system, lack heart
- vascular system circulate coelomic fluid
- calcareous endoskeleton made of plates joined by connective tissue make up skeletal system
- no cephalization
- most have no special sense organs
- mouth on surface leads to cardiac, stomach, then to pyloric stomach with hepatic ceca extending into each arm
- lack excretory organs
- sexual/asexual
- use spines for defense
Fun Fact: genetically related to Chordates
Mollusca
- i.e. snails, oysters, squid
- all have some type of shell for protection
- bilateral symmetry
- strong muscular foot for locomotion
- sense light and dark through eye spots
- 3 layers of cells
- Hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate, exoskeleton prominently reduced or absent in most cephalopods
- Limited cephalization, but cephalopods they have giant nerve cells and complex behavior
- complete digestive system
- specialization for filter feeding in the water
- Nitrogenous wastes excreted into siphon by kidneys
- sexual reproduction, hermaphrodites
- tentacles are the appendages uses vary between species
Fun Fact: the cephalopods of the phylum are extremely intelligent and flexible
Cnidaria
- respire through diffusion
- two layer of cells
- hydrostatic skeleton
- no organs
- nematocysts
- digestive and nerve tissues present
- most mobile throughout life
- sexual or axsexual reproduction
- two stages in life: polyp and medusa
- radial symmetry
- they have tentacles
Fun Fact: the name Cnidaria comes from the Greek word ‘cnidos’, which means stinging nettle
Nematoda
- i.e. roundworms
- ring of nerves that act like a brain
- separate sexes, mostly
- excretory pore acts as a kidney and anus excretes solid forms of waste
- most are not parasitic
- bilaterally symmetrical
- body is covered by a cuticle
- sexually reproduce
- the digestive system is complete with a mouth and anus
- pseudocoelom
- life spans vary
- they move by contracting longitudinal muscles
- decomposers/predators
Fun Fact: there is a high abundance of these creatures, for example 90,000 words were found in 1 rotten apple
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